There are several acidic glycosphingolipids in the outer bacterial membrane of the Sphingomonadaceae which are recognized by T cell antigen receptors on the mouse natural killer T cells, and thus an innate-type immune response towards glycosphingolipid-containing bacteria (Kinjo Y et al., Chem Biol 2008, 15, 65). One of the most abundant of these acidic glycosylceramides is the a-galacturonosyl ceramide (Wu D et al., PNAS 2006, 103, 3972). This glycolipid is a weaker NKT cell agonist than a-galactosylceramide.
a-Galacturonosyl ceramide
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